Caracterização de sistemas de mamografia digital no domínio da frequência para diferentes condições de exposição
Palavras-chave:
digital detectors, response curve, noise evaluation, MTF, NNPS, DQEResumo
O forte avanço da mamografia digital no Brasil como ferramenta de rastreamento do câncer mamário requer que os novos sistemas digitais disponíveis sejam caracterizados. Os programas de garantia de qualidade de radiologia são projetados para garantir que certos níveis de qualidade de imagem sejam mantidos nos equipamentos de imagem. Medidas recentes introduzidas nos protocolos de mamografia digital indicam grandes variações nos parâmetros avaliados, apontando como principal fator os diversos detectores utilizados. Uma avaliação abrangente e quantitativa da resolução espacial de um sistema pode ser obtida a partir de sua função transferência de modulação (MTF). Medidas robustas de ruído podem ser feitas a partir do espectro de potência de ruído normalizado (NNPS) e eficiência quântica de detecção (DQE) como função da frequência espacial em vários níveis de exposição. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar em termos de MTF, NNPS e DQE vários sistemas de mamografia, determinando suas características objetivas básicas de resolução e ruído em diferentes níveis de kerma no ar na superfície de entrada do detector (DAK). O detector CR Carestream EHR-M3, o sistema de biópsia Siemens Opdima, e os sistemas de mamografia digital de campo total Planmed Clarity, GE Essential, GE Pristina e GE Crystal Nova foram caracterizados. O desempenho básico dos sistemas testados foi avaliado em termos da função resposta, avaliação das componentes de ruído, MTF, NNPS e DQE usando protocolo de Diretrizes Europeias. As qualidades de feixe atenuadas (obtidas com filtração adicional de 2 mm Al) usadas foram 28 kVP com combinação anodo/filtro Mo/Mo para EHR-M3, Opdima, Essential e Pristina; 28 kVP com Mo/Rh para EHR-M3; 28 kVP com W/Rh para o sistema Crystal Nova; 28 kVP com W/Ag para o Clarity; e 34 kVP Rh/Ag para o Pristina. Como esperado, o detector CR apresentou uma resposta logarítmica e os sistemas DR apresentaram resposta linear (R² > 0.999). O sistema Pristina apresentou maiores coeficientes angular e linear para o feixe de Rh/Ag. A avaliação de ruído mostrou que o EHR-M3 é limitado quanticamente até 650 µGy (Mo/Mo) e 380 µGy (Mo/Rh), enquanto o Opdima até 290 µGy. Para valores de DAK mais altos, o ruído estrutural é a fonte de ruído dominante. Para o sistema Opdima, o ruído estrutural está relacionado à presença de inomogeneidades de baixa frequência nos dados, enquanto para detectores CR está relacionado ao tamanho dos grãos de fósforo. Os demais sistemas são quanticamente limitados no intervalo de DAK avaliado. Os sistemas avaliados apresentaram MTF razoavelmente isotrópica. MTF não apresentou dependência com a qualidade do feixe para os detectores EHR-M3 e Pristina. O sistema Clarity apresentou maiores valores de MTF, seguido pelos sistemas Opdima e Essential, Pristina, EHR-M3 e Crystal Nova. O NNPS aumentou com a diminuição do DAK. Para o sistema Pristina o NNPS diminuiu com o aumento da energia do feixe. O sistema Crystal Nova apresentou os menores valores de NNPS. A DQE aumentou, atingiu um máximo e depois decresceu com o aumento de DAK. O intervalo de DAK que maximiza a DQE foi dependente da composição do ruído de cada sistema. A DQE foi influenciada pela energia do feixe. O sistema Crystal Nova apresentou o melhor desempenho em termos de DQE para baixa frequência espacial. Os sistemas Opdima e Clarity exibiram maior DQE para frequências espaciais altas. A concordância com dados da literatura indica que os sistemas avaliados operam em condições típicas. Evidência de melhoria no desempenho dos detectores foi observada.
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